SBS: i vaccini e la sindrome dei bambini scossi

I Vaccini destabilizzano in certi soggetti, anche la produzione dell'interferone naturale e queste possono essere le conseguenze = SBS e NON solo....

Interferone od Interferon (IFN), glicoproteina solubile di origine naturale, appartenente alla famiglia delle citochine. Viene prodotta da vari tipi di cellule nel corso di infezioni virali, come risposta fisiologica dell'organismo.

In relazione alle particolari condizioni in cui si trovano ad agire, queste molecole si trovano ad amplificare o sopprimere la risposta immunologica: possono regolare la produzione di anticorpi, la funzione di linfociti T, possono indurre modificazioni della superficie delle cellule ecc.
Esistono in natura tipi diversi di interferone: (1) IFN-alfa, prodotto dai leucociti e dai linfoblasti; (2) IFN-beta, prodotto dai fibroblasti; (3) IFN-gamma, prodotto dai linfociti T.
Come lo hanno scoperto gli scienziati che hanno visto che, l'interferone alfa, quando viene prodotto in quantità troppo elevate, riduce il numero e la funzione delle piastrine. Questo causa pericolose emorragie e inibisce la risposta immunitaria delle cellule (linfociti specifici), che dipende dal buon funzionamento delle piastrine.
L’interferone alfa tradizionale ha una vita assai breve per cui il giorno dopo la sua somministrazione è scomparso dall’organismo, ma nel frattempo le lesioni prodotte alle cellule sono gia’ state fatte e rese irreversibili, con tutte le conseguenze del caso.
vedi anche: http://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com/shakenbabysyndrome.htm

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SBS e VACCINI:

Alter HJ, Scanlon RT, Schechter GP, “Thrombocytopenic purpura following vaccination with attenuated measles Virus”, Am J Dis Child. 1968 Jan;115(1):111-3.
                    
Arya LS, Ghai OP, Saraya AK, “Thrombocytopenic purpura following DPT vaccination”, Pediatr Hematol Oncol.1993 Oct-Dec;10(4):381-3

Autret E, Jonville-Bera AP, Galy-Eyraud C, Hessel L., [Thrombocytopenic purpura after single or combined vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella], Arch Pediatr. 1996 Apr;3(4):393-4     & Autret E, Jonville-Bera AP, Galy-Eyraud C, Hessel L., Therapie. 1996 Nov-Dec; 51(6):677-80    & Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996 Jan;15(1):44-8

ABSTRACT (Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hopital Bretonneau, Tours, France):
A retrospective epidemiological survey was conducted to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of thrombocytopenic purpura (TP) reported in France following measles, mumps or rubella vaccination with monovalent or multivalent vaccines. Sixty cases of TP were reported i.e an incidence/100,000 doses of 0.23 and 0.17 for measles or rubella vaccines respectively given alone, to 0.87 for combined measles-rubella vaccine and 0.95 for MMR vaccine. The mean age was 21 +/- 12 months and the delay of diagnosis was 16 +/- 6 days after vaccination. Thrombopenia was severe (mean platelet count: 8000 +/- 6000/mm3) and always associated with purpura.
The immediate outcome was favourable in 89.5 per cent of cases. Vaccine-associated TP appears to be similar to acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura but the clear temporal relationship between MMR vaccination and the occurrence of TP make a causal relationship highly plausible. Acute TP seems a rare complication of measles-rubella and MMR vaccination but clinicians had to be informed of the possibility of their occurrence. 
Acute TP following vaccination should be reported by physicians to their Regional Drug Surveillance Centre.
 
Bartos HR., “Thrombocytopenia associated with rubella vaccination”, N Y State J Med. 1972 Feb 15;72(4):499.            

Beeler J, Varricchio F, Wise R., “Thrombocytopenia after immunization with measles vaccines: review of the vaccine adverse events reporting system (1990 to 1994)”, Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996 Jan;15(1):88-90.
 
Brown RC, Blecher TE, French EA, Toghill PJ., “Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after influenza vaccination”, Br Med J. 1973 May 5;2(5861):303

Casoli P, Tumiati B., [Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after anti-influenza vaccination.], Medicina (Firenze) 1989 Oct-Dec;9(4):417-8
 
ABSTRACT:
A case of acute thrombocytopenic purpura, presented with sudden onset of petechiae and ecchymoses, as a possible complication of antinfluenza vaccination with inactivated viruses is reported. Within 15 days of vaccination the platelet count fell down, serum antiplatelet antibodies were detected in high titre and bone marrow aspiration revealed an increased number of megakaryocytes. Corticosteroid therapy was followed by a complete recovery within ten days; three months later, platelets number remained in the normal range. 

Casteles-Van Daele M., “Vaccination and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura”, N Engl J Med. 1969 Apr 3;280(14):781.                                
 
Champsaur HF, Bottazzo GF, Bertrams J, Assan R, Bach C., “Virologic, immunologic, and genetic factors in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus”, J Pediatr 1982 Jan;100(1):15-20

ABSTRACT:
A 16-month-old girl presented with an episode of fever and acute thrombocytopenic purpura caused by a Coxsackie B5 virus. On days 13 to 23, laboratory evidence of diabetes mellitus was present, followed by a 2 1/2-month remission, then by definitive insulin-dependent diabetes. The involvement of virologic, immunologic, and genetic factors in the  pathophysiology was substantiated by the following data: (1) Virus-induced glucose intolerance was produced in selected mouse strains. (2) Islet-cell antibodies were found one week before onset of diabetes; however, circulating lymphocytes of the child at that time suppressed insulin release from islets in vitro. (3) Immunogenetic analysis of the child revealed the presence of high-risk genetic markers. It is suggested that the convergence of an insulotropic variant virus, genetic predisposition, and perhaps some uncontrolled adjuvant factors, e.g. steroid therapy and DPT vaccination, may have determined insular damage and anti-islet autoimmune reactions, leading to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Chang SK, Farrell DL, Dougan K, Kobayashi B, “Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura following combined vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella”, J Am Board Fam Pract. 1996 Jan-Feb; 9(1):53-5.
 
Chiappo GF, Licata D, Mignone F, Remogna M., [The Schonlein-Henoch syndrome in childhood. I. Nosographical classification], Minerva Pediatr. 1973 Oct 13;25(35):1465-72.
 
Courtney PA, Patterson RN, Lee RJ., “Henoch-Schonlein purpura following meningitis C vaccination”, Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Mar;40(3):345-6

Corvaglia E., [Jennerian vaccination. 2 unusual complications], Minerva Pediatr. 1975 Apr 7;27(12):708-13
               
Damjanov J, Amato JA., “Progression of renal disease in Henoch-Schonlein purpura after influenza Vaccination”, JAMA. 1979 Dec 7;242(23):2555-6.

de Jong MC, Monnens LA ,  “Recurrent haemolytic uraemic syndrome”, Padiatr Padol 1976;11(3):521-7

ABSTRACT:
Two children are described with frequent relapsing haemolytic uraemic syndrome. In the first child, the disease reoccurred twice and in the second three times. In both, relapses could be related to a viral infection, as well as to a preceding inoculation for diphtheria--pertussis--tetanus--poliomyelitis in the second patient. Recurrent haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (H.U.S.) may constitute a discrete clinical form of H.U.S.
 
De Ritis L, Pecorari R., [Thrombopenic purpura following measles vaccination.], Pediatr Med Chir 1990 Mar-Apr;12(2):161-3

ABSTRACT (Divisione Pediatrica, Ospedale, F.lli Borselli, Bondeno, Ferrara, Italia):
A case of acute thrombocytopenic purpura complicating live measles vaccination is reported. Clinically and morphologically this case is identical to the postinfectious thrombocytopenic purpura. An immunological mechanism has been postulated to explain the thrombocytopenia.

Farrington P, Pugh S, Colville A, Flower A, Nash J, Morgan-Capner P, Rush M, Miller E ., “A new method for active surveillance of adverse events from diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis and measles/mumps/rubella vaccines”, Lancet 1995 Mar 4;345(8949):567-9
 
Public Health Laboratory Service Statistics Unit, Communicable Disease Surveillance Center, London, UK.

We describe a new method for active post-marketing surveillance of vaccine safety based on patient records. 
We studied the association between diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTP) vaccination and febrile  convulsion, and between measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) vaccination and febrile convulsion and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in five district health authorities in England by linking vaccination records with computerised hospital admission records. 
We found an increased relative incidence for convulsions 0-3 days after DTP vaccination. The effect was limited to the third dose of vaccine for which the attributable risk (all ages) was 1 in 12,500 doses. Completion of vaccination by 4 months instead of 10 months after the change in the UK to an accelerated immunisation schedule may have resulted in a 4-fold decrease in febrile convulsions attributable to DTP vaccine. 67% of admissions for a convulsion 6-11 days after MMR vaccination were attributable to the measles component of the vaccine (risk 1 in 3000 doses). 
An excess of admissions for a convulsion 15-35 days after MMR vaccination was found only for vaccines containing the Urabe mumps strain (1 in 2600 Urabe doses).
 There was a causal association between MMR vaccination and ITP resulting in admission 15-35 days subsequently. The estimated absolute risk of 1 in 24,000 doses was 5 times that calculated from cases passively reported by clinicians. This finding emphasises the need for active surveillance of adverse events. The record linkage method that we used is an effective way to identify vaccine-attributable adverse events.

Feyling T, Hestetun S., [Thrombocytopenic purpura after smallpox vaccination], Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1969 May 15;89(10):725-6.
Hofele U, [Abdominal purpura following smallpox vaccination], Arch Kinderheilkd. 1965 Nov;173(2):175-8

Jimenez EL, Dorrington HJ., “Vaccination and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura”, N Engl J Med. 1968 Nov 21; 279(21):1171

Kelton JG.,  “Vaccination-Associated relapse of immune thrombocytopenia”, JAMA 1981 Jan 23-30;245(4):369-70
                   
ABSTRACT:
Two patients with immune thrombocytopenia had relapses of their immune thrombocytopenia after the administration of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines. These observations suggest that patients with a history of immune thrombocytopenia should be monitored after vaccination.
 
Kiefaber RW., “Thrombocytopenic purpura after measles vaccination”, N Engl J Med. 1981 Jul 23;305(4):225.

Lane JM., “Vaccination and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura”, N Engl J Med. 1969 Apr 3;280(14):781.
 
Ledermann JA, Hoffbrand BI, “Dapsone in allergic vasculitis: its use in Henoch-Schonlein disease following
Vaccination”, J R Soc Med. 1983 Jul;76(7):613-4.

Lee SY, Komp DM, Andiman W, “Thrombocytopenic purpura following varicella-zoster vaccination”, Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1986 Spring;8(1):78-80
.
ABSTRACT:
Acute thrombocytopenia developed 3 weeks after the vaccination of a child with leukemia with V-Z vaccine. This is the first case of postvaccinal thrombocytopenia to be reported following V-Z vaccine. The risk to leukemic children of postvaccinal thrombocytopenia would appear to be less than 1%. Note added in proof: The patient remained seronegative until the eighth month following vaccination. Her FAMA titer then rose to 1:32, probably as a result of exogenous reinfection with V-Z virus.
 
Lewis K, Jordan SC, Cherry JD, Sakai RS, Le CT., “Petechiae and urticaria after DTP vaccination: detection of circulating immune complexes containing vaccine-specific antigens”, J Pediatr. 1986 Dec;109(6):1009-12
 
Lohse A, Michel F, Auge B, Toussirot E, Wendling D., “Vascular purpura and cryoglobulinemia after influenza vaccination. Case-report and literature review”, Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 Jun;66(6):359-60.

Mastroiacovo P., [Measles vaccination and Schonlein-Henoch purpura], Minerva Pediatr. 1976 Aug 4;28(25):1591.
 
Majchrowicz H., [Post-vaccination reactions to diploid rabies vaccine.], Przegl Epidemiol 1989;43(3):259-62
(The authors report 9 cases of hypergic purpura and urticaria out of the monitored 289 immunization against Rabies)
 
Meyboom RH, Fucik H, Edwards IR., “Thrombocytopenia reported in association with hepatitis B and A vaccines”, Lancet. 1995 Jun 24;345(8965):1638.
 
Molina M, Ortega G, Galvez J, Munoz L., [Leukocytoclastic vasculitis secondary to flu vaccination], Med Clin (Barc). 1990 Jun 9;95(2):78. 

Monnet P, Lauras B.,
 [Acute thrombopenia in the child], Pediatrie. 1969 Dec;24(8):885-909.
 
Neau D, Bonnet F, Michaud M, Perel Y, Longy-Boursier M, Ragnaud JM, Guillard JM., “Immune thrombocytopenic purpura after recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: retrospective study of seven cases”,  Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30(2):115-8.

ABSTRACT (Departement de Maladies Infectieuses et Medecine Interne, Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France):
Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine is usually well tolerated. Clinical and laboratory test manifestations with immunologic mechanisms have nonetheless been described following use of this vaccine. We retrospectively report 7 cases of thrombocytopenia occurring within 3 months (7 weeks on the average) of 1 or following injections of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Four boys and 3 girls, average age 12 y, were involved. Three had a history of immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Four had haemorrhagic manifestations. The haemogram showed thrombocytopenia (24 x 10(9)/l on the average) without alterations of the other lines. Infectious and immune aetiologies were excluded in all cases. The course varied after treatment by corticosteroids, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, or both. After describing the different manifestations subsequent to recombinant hepatitis B vaccination, we discuss post-vaccinal thrombocytopenias  (vaccines in question, mechanisms) and the reality of this entity.

Nielsen LJ, Karup Pedersen F, Ellegaard J.,  “Failure of pneumococcal vaccination in a splenectomized child”, Acta Paediatr Scand 1982 Mar;71(2):331-3

ABSTRACT:
Recurrent Streptococcus pneumoniae septicaemia occurred in a splenectomized child with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Fatal infection took place 1 year after pneumococcal vaccination, and was caused by sero-type 18C which was included in the vaccine. The efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination is discussed in relation to specific pneumococcal
polysaccharide antibody titers, and it is concluded that vaccination alone is insufficient in preventing overwhelming infections in splenectomized individuals.

Nieminen U, Peltola H, Syrjala MT, Makipernaa A, Kekomaki R, “Acute thrombocytopenic purpura following measles, mumps and rubella vaccination. A report on 23 patients”, Acta Paediatr 1993 Mar;82(3):267-70
.
ABSTRACT (Finnish Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Helsinki)
An acute thrombocytopenic purpura developed shortly after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in 23 of approximately 700,000 children immunized over a period of seven years. The mean interval from inoculation to the onset of purpura was 19 days. Bone marrow aspirates obtained from 13 patients showed increased or normal amounts of megakaryocytes. Platelet survival time was markedly shortened in the two patients studied. Fifteen patients recovered (the platelet count exceeded 100 x 10(9)/l) in one month, five in two months and two in six months. Increase in platelet-associated immunoglobulin was detected in 10 of 15 patients. Circulating antiplatelet autoantibodies (AAb) against glycoprotein IIb/IIIa were detected in 5 of 15 patients. The findings are compatible with an autoimmune mechanism triggered by immune response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccination.
As evaluated by the clinical course and the presence of AAb, post-vaccination thrombocytopenic purpura appears to be indistinguishable from childhood acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Patel U, Bradley JR, Hamilton DV, “Henoch-Schonlein purpura after influenza vaccination”, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988 Jun 25;296(6639):1800.

Pool V, Chen R, Rhodes P., “Indications for measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in a child with prior thrombocytopenia purpura”, Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997 Apr;16(4):423-4.

Ramakrishnan N, Parker LP., “Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following influenza vaccination--a brief case report”, Conn Med. 1998 Oct;62(10):587-8.
 
Rejjal AL, Britten G, Nazer H., “Thrombocytopenic purpura following measles-mumps-rubella vaccination”, Ann Trop Paediatr. 1993;13(1):103-4.

 Richter KH, Buchwald G., [Smallpox, purpura and incubation vaccination. Simultaneously a reply and correction to Buchwald's article "Incubation vaccinations"], Med Welt. 1973 Nov 9;24(45):1765-74.

Richter KH, Hoffmann F, Schwenen M., [Smallpox: vaccination and incubation vaccination], Fortschr Med. 1972 Sep 14; 90(25):902-6. 

Senatore S, Tedeschi F., [Uremic-hemolytic syndrome: clinical and pathological observations of a case (author's transl).], Ateneo Parmense Acta Biomed 1978;49(4):377-87

ABSTRACT:
A case of uremic hemolytic syndrome observed in a 20 months old child has been investigated from the clinical and pathological point of view. All specific clinical manifestations of the syndrome were present as well as the pathognomic pathological finding of a renal trombotic microangiopathy. In addition a generalized lymphoadenopathy likely related to a previous vaccination, was also found. The possible role of such an immune reaction in the pathogenesis of the syndrome in the present case is discussed.
 
Slee DS, Lagro SW, Frenkel J., [Acute hemorrhagic edema in children: excellentprognosis.], Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2001 Apr 28;145(17):830-4

ABSTRACT (Catharina-Ziekenhuis, afd. Kindergeneeskunde, Eindhoven)
In 2 young children, boys aged 8 and 14 months, who were referred with fever and typical concentric skin lesions and oedema (except for on the trunk), acute haemorrhagic oedema was diagnosed. This is a benign leucocytoclastic vasculitis of the skin accompanied by oedema, which affects children between birth and 36 months of age. It is often preceded by an infection or vaccination. As a rule, recovery is complete.
 
Sourreil P, Battin JP, Beylot C., [Postvaccinal erythemato-purpuric acrodermatitis], Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr. 1969;76(1):79-80.

Stopfkuchen H, Jungst BK, Wilutzky H., [Purpura fulminans associated with varicella and polyvalent protective inoculations], Klin Padiatr. 1976 Mar;188(2):190-3.

ABSTRACT:
We report about a 10 years old boy, who developed the rare disease of Purpura fulminans following Varicella, after having received the trivalent Poliomyelitis vaccine of Sabin and a diphtheria-tetanus booster during the incubation period of Varicella. The acute stage of the disease was overcome by symptomatic therapy; extensive skin necrosis especially in the lower extremities had to be treated surgically. The etiology of Purpura fulminans has not yet been established. Since diffuse intravascular clotting (DIC) plays an essential part in the pathogenesis of this disease. Heparintherapy is now used as the treatment of choice. At the present state of knowledge we believe that the protective inoculations given in the incubation period of Varicella possibly provoced Purpura fulminans as a rare complication of Varicella.

Symmers WS, “Thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic anaemia after influenza vaccination”, Br Med J. 1973 Jun 9;2(5866):614
               
Terragna A, Cottafava F., [Thrombcytopenic purpura during viral infections], Minerva Pediatr. 1967 Apr 21;19(16):816-25.
                                     
Ullrich E, Schmutzler R., [Skin manifestations following smallpox vaccination], Padiatr Grenzgeb. 1974;13(2-3):119-25.
 
Vlacha V, Forman EN, Miron D, Peter G., “Recurrent thrombocytopenic purpura after repeated measles-mumps-rubella Vaccination”, Pediatrics. 1996 May;97(5):738-9.
 
von Muhlendahl KE., [Side effects and complications of measles-mumps vaccination.], Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1989 Aug;137(8):440-6     & von Muhlendahl KE., “Side-effects of measles-mumps vaccination”, Lancet. 1990 Mar 3;335(8688):540-1.

ABSTRACT (Kinderhospital Osnabruck, Austria)
Within three years we have observed three patients with parotitis after measles-mumps-vaccination, one child with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, one with meningitis, and one patient with a preexisting severe cerebral damage died of central vasomotor and breath regulation dysfunction 20 days after the vaccination. Their case histories are described here, and the literature dealing with this question is reviewed. The following incidences of side effects may have to be accepted: "vaccination measles"  (fever, rash, conjunctivitis, coughing) 5%, parotid swelling 1%. Furthermore, there are reports and observations on 38 patients who have developed ITP after vaccination, and on 8 other children who developed meningitis.  From their lumbar liquor, mumps- or vaccine mumps viruses have been cultured

Wasser S, Schone D, Hauschild G., [Schoenlein-Henoch syndrome after smallpox vaccination], Kinderarztl Prax. 1969 Jul;37(7):299-303.
 
Watanabe T, Onda H., “Henoch-Schonlein purpura with antiphospholipid antibodies following an influenza vaccination”, Pediatr Nephrol. 2001 May;16(5):458-9; discussion 460-2.

Wiersbitzky S, Bruns R, Schroder C, Warmuth M., “[Thrombocytopenic purpura following immunization with a live vaccine (mumps-measles-rubella vaccination)?], Kinderarztl Prax. 1992 Feb;60(1):28-9

Wiersbitzky S, Bruns R, Muller C, Wiersbitzky H, Mentel R, Seidel W.
Postvaccinal thrombocytopenia: fact or myth?
Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1995 Sep-Oct;12(5):503-5. No abstract available.
PMID: 8519638 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Wilhelm DJ, Paegle RD, “Thrombocytopenic purpura and pneumonia following measles vaccination”, Am J Dis Child. 1967 May;113(5):534-7                

Wong KY, “Anaphylactoid purpura associated with smallpox vaccination”, Hawaii Med J. 1971 Sep-Oct;30(5):388-9
 
Yamamoto T, Kino T, Yagi K, Miyata H, Yoshioka K., [Acute thrombocytopenic purpura following rubella vaccination]. Rinsho Ketsueki. 1996 Nov;37(11):1328-30.
 
ABSTRACT (Department of Pediatrics, Kinki University School of Medicine)
A case of acute thrombocytopenic purpura following rubella vaccination is reported. A 3-year-old boy developed purpura on the 22nd days after rubella vaccination. His platelet count was 34 x 10(3)/microliter. Platelet-associated IgG was elevated, but the amount of megakaryocytes in bone marrow aspirates was within the normal range, suggesting immune mechanism-associated thrombocytopenia. He recovered spontaneously within one month. Thrombocytopenic purpura is a well-documented complication of natural rubella infection. Attention should be paid rubella vaccination-associated thrombocytopenia, though it seems to be less frequent than after natural infections.              

Continua in:  Immunogenetica  +   Pag.2  +   Pag.3  +  Pag. 4  +  Bibliografia

vedi anche: Ruolo dei Vaccini nella Guerra del Golfo  +  Contenuto dei Vaccini  +  Uranio e Vaccini - 1  +  Uranio e Vaccini - 2  +  Guerra del Golfo, Uranio o Vaccini ? 

vedi anche Dati ISTAT sui Vaccini
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