vedi:
Bibliografia
Danni dei vaccini +
Bibliografia danni
2 +
Amish senza
autismo perche' NON vaccinano +
1.000 studi sui Danni dei Vaccini +
BIG PHARMA
Sentenza 2012 - Trib. Rimini su
Vaccini=Autismo
Gli esperti di
vaccini
del
CDC, hanno spesso
conflitti di
interesse
- 18/03/2010
CDC e
Conflitti di interesse - 1
+
CDC e Conflitti
di interesse - 2
+
CDC e Conflitti
di interesse - 3
+
Corruzione
+
Danni dei
Vaccini +
Contro Immunizzazione
CDC
conflitti di
interesse
anche per i vaccini +
anche per la FDA
http://healthimpactnews.com/2014/cdcs-purchase-of-4-billion-of-vaccines-a-conflict-of-interest-in-overseeing-vaccine-safety/
Davvero inquietante !
Questo medico il Dott.
Andrew Moulden è MORTO (probabilmente
assassinato) in modo inspiegabile nel
novembre 2013 al età di 49, subito dopo
aver pubblicato Le SUE RICERCHE che
DIMOSTRANO il DANNO CAUSATO dai VACCINI,
RICONOSCIBILI SOLO da un SEMPLICE ESAME
ESTERNO
http://vaccineimpact.com/2015/dr-andrew-moulden-learning-to-identify-vaccine-damage/
Parlamentari pagati dalle Lobbies ? -
Roma Ott. 2013
L'intervista a un assistente di un Senatore
che svelerebbe i traffici illeciti tra
parlamentari e
Lobbies.
Video dell'intervista:
http://www.video.mediaset.it/video/iene/puntata/390060/roma-parlamentari-pagati-dalle-lobbies.html
Informatore dei
CDC
CONFESSA la FRODE e le FALSIFICAZIONI sugli
studi della correlazione VACCINO=AUTISMO
AUTISMO - Analisi delle FECI
ANALISI delle FECI COMPRENSIVA della
DIGESTIONE
- questa analisi include molte analisi singole
- FUNZIONE DIGESTIVA
diversi markers rivelano se le feci contengono livelli
eccessivi di grassi o fibre non digerite, enzimi digestivi,
od alterazioni del
pH. Variazioni del pH possono indicare attività
batterica nell'intestino, o problemi sia gastrici che
biliari.
Un marker della funzionalità pancreatica, cioè il contenuto
fecale di chimotripsina, è stato studiato come indicatore di
un fabbisogno di secretina per gli artistici (quando il
livello è basso).
La chimotripsina è un enzima digestivo che proviene dal
pancreas.
- FUNZIONE
METABOLICA
la quantità di 3 catene corte degli acidi grassi
(propionate,acetate e butyrate)riflettono sia
l'attività dei microorganismi intestinali che un
adeguato ammonto di fibre. I micro organismi
liberano queste catene dalla digestione delle
fibre dei cibi e la loro quantità rivela se vi è
un bilancio corretto di flora intestinale e se
l'intestino ha buone capacità di assorbimento.
-
MICROBIOLOGIA
risultati sul bilancio degli organismi
intestinali. Ovvero quantifica e la presenza di
una normale popolazione batterica "buona"
biovitale autoctona e una crescita anormale di
germi patogeni per mutazione endogena.
-
MICOLOGIA
lieviti o funghi che abitano nell'intestino in
basso numero non risultano in genere nelle
culture di routines.Quando si trovano quantità
alte sia nella coltura delle feci che dalla
diretta osservazione al microscopio c'è una
FORTE IMPLICAZIONE DI ANORMALITA' DELLA FLORA
INTESTINALE, CHE AFFLIGGE LA PERSONA SIA TRAMITE
IL RILASCIO DI TOSSINE CHE generando una
risposta immunitaria,rivolta ad abbassare il
numero dei funghi.
-
PARASSITOLOGIA
verifica la presenza di parassiti intestinali,
molto frequente nella popolazione artistica.
RITROVAMENTI TIPICI
nell'AUTISMO:
1) anormali
funzioni digestive pancreatiche dovute a un
deficit di chimotripsina
2)
malassorbimento dei grassi
3)
disbiosi
batterica e/o insufficiente fibre dietetiche
4) mancanza
di
batteri autoctoni
5) presenza
di patogeni come
candida,
parassiti e
batteri patogeni, ecc.
6) Irritazione
della mucosa della parete del
tubo digerente con riduzione della virilità
dei villi e quindi riduzione della superficie
della parete intestinale.
MISURE CORRETTIVE
1) correzione della
DISBIOSI
- l’eliminazione dei
funghi e dei parassiti
- ripristino con
multibatterici probiotici (lactobacillus,
bifidobacter, ramnosus, ecc)
- Idro colon terapia
con acqua basica e/o in certi casi con l’infuso
di caffè
2) Se il
pH FECALE è ALTO, trattare la
disbiosi con flora produttrice di ammonia.
se il pH è BASSO,
investigare le disfunzioni pancreatiche
(insufficiente bicarbonato rilasciato nel
piccolo intestino), o disfunzioni biliari, o
elevazione batterica se le catene di acidi
grassi sono elevate.
Può esserci mal digestione dei carboidrati.
Considerare uso di enzimi generici e
pancreatici, bicarbonato un'ora dopo i pasti.
3) se POSITIVO il
SANGUE OCCULTO, considerare infiammazione della
mucosa GI, iperplasia linfatica, possibili
parassiti.
4) se la CHIMOTRIPSINA è ALTA, considerare
rapida motilità intestinale, allergie ai cibi,
inadeguate fibre, problemi con la digestione di
carboidrati, zuccheri o disaccaridi, e,
ovviamente, disbiosi.
5) se la
CHIMOTRIPSINA è BASSA,considerare insufficienza
pancreatica.
Ipocloridia gastrica e stitichezza possono
essere cause. La terapia con secretina può
migliorare i livelli.
6)elevazione delle
catene lunghe di acidi grassi,colesterolo o
grassi fecali sono consistenti con stetorrea
(malassorbimento dei grassi-molto frequente
nell'autismo) possono essere di aiuto
supplementi di enzima lipase e taurina o glicina
7) SE LE CATENE
CORTE O IL BUTIRATO SONO BASSI,considerare
insufficienti livelli di flora (recente uso di
antibiotici ?), inadeguate fibre, stitichezza
SE SONO ALTE:
considerare eccessiva flora (disbiosi), veloce
motilità, come colite ,intolleranza al glutine,
allergie ai cibi, e insufficienza pancreatica.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Studi e Bibliografia:
Immunology of Autism
- Author: Andrew Zimmerman, M.D.
Pediatric Neurologist, Center for Autism &
Related Disorders Associate - Professor of
Neurology and Psychiatry: Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Kennedy Kreiger
Institute.
SOMMARIO: anche se occorrono ulteriori ricerche,
il dott. Zimmerman ritiene che le anormalità del
sistema immunitario presenti nei bambini con
autismo, siano parallele a quello che succede
nel loro cervello.
Gli scienziati (quelli dell'establishement,
non i ricercatori indipendenti come per es. il
dott. M. Montinari), cercano ancora una connessione su
come i sintomi cerebrali interagiscano col
sistema immunitario. Ciò che i medici ufficiali
dell'establishement, dicono è che alcuni
casi di autismo hanno una causa virale poiché
sono stati associati con la ribella o il
citomegalovirus. Sono coinvolti anche
l'herpes simplex e altri
virus,
batteri e
funghi.
Dopo 20 anni di inutili studi in questo campo, i
ricercatori hanno trovato solo, che vi sono differenze
nel sistema immunitario dei bambini con autismo
rispetto ai bambini non autistici, ovviamente
per le mutazioni
genetiche indotte dai
vaccini
propinati ai loro genitori e/o i vaccini
effettuati a quei bambini da lattanti, cosa che
i ricercatori dell'establishemente cercano
in tutti modi di
OCCULTARE e nascondere.....
Molti studi
(riportati alla fine del testo) mostrano che dal
30 al 70 % dei bambini con autismo hanno
"distinte anormalità" nel
sistema immunitario,
che includono: diminuzione nel numero e nel tipo
delle cellule T, differenze nella funzione
linfocitaria e diminuzione delle cellule natural
killer.
Tutto questo, dicono, aumenta la suscettibilità ai virus.
Esistono inoltre degli specifici tipi di cellule
T che si ritrovano comunemente nell'autismo e
che sono tipicamente trovate anche in persone
con sclerosi multipla, artrite reumatoide o
lupus eritematoso (tutti disturbi
autoimmuni).
Inoltre le persone con autismo hanno tipicamente
livelli bassi di Igg, Iga, Igm e una positività
per gli anticorpi antinucleari (come nei
disordini reumatoidi).
In uno studio su 65 famiglie, si è visto che la
possibilità di avere un figlio con autismo era
aumentata se c'era una presenza in famiglia di
disturbi autoimmuni.
Title: Autism and the immune system.
Author: van Gent T; Heijnen CJ; Treffers PD
Address: University of Leijden, The Netherlands.
Source: J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 1997 Mar,
38:3, 337-49
Abstract: As our knowledge of the interactions
of the immune, nervous and endocrine systems
progresses, complex links with the origin and
course of psychopathology in childhood are
revealed. In this article the neuroimmunological
literature on autism is reviewed. Relevant
aspects of immune
functioning and the neuroendocrine-immune
network are described. We present the
immunological findings in autistic patients
within two related conceptual frameworks: a
viral and an autoimmune hypothesis.
Interpretation of data is hampered by conceptual
and methodological differences between studies.
Both the clinical significance of the immune
changes and the causal connection
between immune changes and psychopathological
phenomena in autism remain to be elucidated.
Recommendations for further research are given.
Title: [Psychoimmunology. II. The neuroendocrine
system and the immune system in autism and
schizophrenia]
Author: Francesetti G; Gecele M; Meluzzi A
Address: INRCA/IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura
a Carattere
Scientifico,
Torino.
Source: Minerva Psichiatr, 1991 Apr-Jun, 32:2,
75-82
Abstract: In this paper the Authors report on
the immunologic alterations in two psychiatric
disease: schizophrenia and infantile autism.
While a lot of researches have been concluded on
the immunologic alterations in schizophrenia,
only a few data on infantile autism are
available. Based on data from international
literature the Authors advance some hypotheses
on the role possibly played by the immune system
in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and
infantile autism. (Language of Publication:
Italian).
Title: Dysregulated immune system in children
with autism: beneficial effects of intravenous
immune globulin on autistic characteristics.
Author: Gupta S; Aggarwal S; Heads C
Address: Division of Basic and Clinical
Immunology, University of California,
Irvine, USA.
Source: J Autism Dev Disord, 1996 Aug, 26:4,
439-52
Abstract: Abstract unavailable online.
Title: Elevated serotonin levels in autism:
association with the major histocompatibility
complex.
Author: Warren RP; Singh VK
Address: Center for Persons with Disabilities,
Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA.
Source: Neuropsychobiology, 1996, 34:2, 72-5
Abstract: Two of the most consistently observed
biological findings in autism are increased
serotonin levels in the blood and immunological
abnormalities (including autoreactivity with
tissues of the central nervous system). The
purpose of this investigation was to determine
if any relationship exists between these two
sets of observations. Our laboratory has found
and confirmed associations of the major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) with autism.
Since the MHC is known to regulate the immune
system and is also associated with autoimmune
disorders, we studied serum serotonin levels in
20 autistic subjects with or without MHC types
previously found to be associated with autism.
A positive relationship was observed between
elevated serotonin levels and the MHC types
previously associated with autism.
Title: Immunogenetic studies in autism and
related disorders.
Author: Warren RP; Singh VK; Averett RE; Odell
JD; Maciulis A; Burger RA;
Daniels WW; Warren WL
Address: Utah State University, Logan 84322,
USA.
Source: Mol Chem Neuropathol, 1996 May, 28:1-3,
77-81
Abstract: The major histocompatibility complex
comprises a number of genes that control the
function and regulation of the immune system.
One of these genes, the C4B gene, encodes a
product that is involved in eliminating
pathogens such as viruses and bacteria from the
body. We previously reported that a deficient
form of the C4B gene, termed the C4B null allele
(no C4B protein produced) had an increased
frequently in autism. In this study we attempted
to confirm
the increased incidence of the C4B null allele
in autism and investigated the presence of a C4B
null allele in two other childhood disorders,
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and
dyslexia (reading disability). In addition, we
explored the relationship of autism to the DR
beta 1 gene,
a gene located close to the C4B in autism. We
confirmed the finding of an increased frequency
of the C4B null allele in autism and found that
the related disorders also had an increased
frequency of this null allele. In addition, two
alleles of the DR beta 1 gene also had
significantly increased representation in the
autistic subjects.
Title: Urinary levels of neopterin and biopterin
in autism.
Author: Messahel S; Pheasant AE; Pall H; Ahmed
Choudhury J; Sungum Paliwal RS; Vostanis P
Address: School of Biochemistry, University of
Birmingham, UK.
Source: Neurosci Lett, 1998 Jan, 241:1, 17-20
Abstract: The pterins, neopterin and biopterin,
occur naturally in body fluids including urine.
It is well established that increased neopterin
levels are associated with activation of the
cellular immune system and that reduced
biopterins are essential for neurotransmitter
synthesis. It has been suggested that some
autistic children may be suffering from an
autoimmune disorder. To investigate this further
we performed high performance liquid
chromatography analyses of urinary pterins in a
group of pre-school autistic children, their
siblings and age-matched control children. Both
urinary neopterin and biopterin were raised in
the autistic children compared to controls and
the siblings showed intermediate values. This
supports the possible involvement of
cell-mediated immunity in the aetiology of
autism.
Title: Immune abnormalities in patients with
autism.
Author: Warren RP; Margaretten NC; Pace NC;
Foster A - Source: J Autism Dev Disord, 1986
Jun, 16:2, 189-97
Abstract: We have begun an investigation on the
immune systems of patients with autism in
attempt to determine if immune mechanisms are
involved in the development of this severe
developmental disorder. A study of 31 autistic
patients has revealed several immune-system
abnormalities, including reduced responsiveness
in the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay to
phytohemagglutinin,
concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen; decreased
numbers of T lymphocytes; and an altered ratio
of helper to suppressor T cells. Immune- system
abnormalities may be directly related to
underlying biologic processes of autism, or
these changes may be an indirect reflection of
the actual pathologic
mechanism.
Title: Serotonin binding sites. II. Muramyl
dipeptide binds to serotonin binding sites on
myelin basic protein, LHRH, and MSH-ACTH 4-10.
Author: Root-Bernstein RS; Westall FC
Address: Department of Physiology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing 48824.
Source: Brain Res Bull, 1990 Dec, 25:6, 827-41
Abstract: Previously, we reported the existence
of structurally similar serotonin binding sites
on myelin basic protein, LHRH, and MSH-ACTH
4-10. We now report that the adjuvant peptide,
muramyl dipeptide (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-Ala-D-isoGln)
also binds to these sites. This observation may
help to explain previous observations of
serotonin-like activity by muramyl peptides,
including the promotion of slow-wave sleep and
fever induction. The observation may also
provide an important link between the immune
system and the nervous system that may explain
the role of muramyl dipeptide adjuvants in
causing autoimmune diseases to
serotonin-regulated proteins and their receptors,
as well as the alterations in serotonin levels
that are often observed in autoimmune diseases.
The observation provides concrete evidence for a
dual- antigen hypothesis for the induction of
autoimmune diseases by an adjuvant- peptide
complex. Application of such a mechanism for
induction of autoimmunity may be of importance
in understanding a number of
postinfectious and postvaccinal neuropathies,
and suggests a possible etiology for autism, in
which many patients have high blood serotonin
levels, autoimmune reactions to
myelin basic protein, and antibodies to
serotonin binding sites.
Finally, the observation suggests that
glycopeptides may act as neurotransmitters.
Title: Changes of soluble
interleukin-2, interleukin-2 receptor, T8
antigen, and interleukin-1 in the serum of
autistic children [published erratum appears in
Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992 Jun;63(3):292]
Author: Singh VK; Warren RP; Odell JD; Cole P
Address: Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Utah State
University, Logan
84322-6800.
Source: Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 1991 Dec,
61:3, 448-55
Abstract: Immune abnormalities in autistic
children led us to study for indirect evidence
of immune activation as measured by the serum
analysis of soluble interleukin-2 (sIL-2),
interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), T8 antigen
(sT8), and interleukin-1 (sIL-1).
The serum
concentration of these
soluble antigens was quantitated by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The
concentration of sIL-2 and sT8, but not of
sIL-2R and sIL-1, antigens was significantly (P
less than 0.05) increased in the sera of
autistic children over that in the control
healthy children or children with mental
retardation (non-Down's syndrome). This finding
indirectly indicates that the activation of a
subpopulation of T cells occurs in some children
with autism.
Autismo ed immunosistema
Title: Opioid-immune interactions in autism:
behavioural and immunological assessment during
a double-blind treatment with naltrexone.
Author: Scifo R; Cioni M;
Nicolosi A; Batticane N; Tirolo C; Testa N;
Quattropani MC; Morale MC; Gallo F; Marchetti B
Address: Servizio di Psichiatria, Istituto OASI
per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
l'Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina (Enna), Italy.
Source: Ann Ist Super Sanita,
1996, 32:3, 351-9
Abstract: The emerging concept of opioid
peptides as a new class of chemical messengers
of the neuroimmune axis and the presence of a
number of immunological abnormalities in
infantile autism prompted us to correlate
biological (hormonal and immunological)
determinations and behavioural
performances during treatment with the potent
opiate antagonist, naltrexone
(NAL). Twelve autistic patients ranging from 7
to 15 years, diagnosed according to DSM-III-R,
entered a double-blind crossover study with NAL
at the doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg every 48
hours. The behavioural evaluation was conducted
using the specific BSE and CARS rating scales
NAL treatment produced a significant reduction
of the autistic symptomatology in seven
("responders") out of 12 children. The
behavioural improvement was accompanied by
alterations in the distribution of the major
lymphocyte subsets, with a significant increase
of the T-helper inducers (CD4+CD8-) and a
significant reduction of the T-cytotoxic-suppressor
(CD4-CD8+) resulting in a normalization of the
CD4/CD8 ratio. Changes in natural killer cells
and activity were inversely related to plasma
beta-endorphin levels. It is suggested that the
mechanisms underlying opioid-immune interactions
are altered in this population of autistic
children and that an immunological screening may
have prognostic value for the pharmacological
therapy with opiate antagonists.
Title: Human parvovirus B19 antibodies in
infantile autism.
Author: Anlar B; Oktem F; Török T
Address: Department of Pediatric Neurology,
Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Source : J Child Neurol, 1994 Jan, 9:1, 104-5
Abstract: Abstract unavailable online.
Title: Plasma increase of interleukin-12 and
interferon-gamma. Pathological significance in
autism.
Author: Singh VK
Address: Department of Psychiatry, University of
Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor
48109-0656, USA.
Source: J Neuroimmunol, 1996 May, 66:1-2, 143-5
Abstract: Immune factors such as autoimmunity
have been implicated in the genesis of autism, a
neurodevelopmental disorder. Since autoimmune
response involves immune activation, the plasma
levels of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha),
interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-12
(IL-12), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis
factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and soluble
intercellular adhesion
molecule-1 (sICAM-1) were measured in autistic
patients and age-matched normal controls. The
levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma were significantly
(P < or = 0.05) higher in patients as compared
to controls. However, IFN-alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha,
and sICAM-1 levels did not significantly differ
between the two groups. Because
macrophage-derived IL-12 is known to selectively
induce IFN-gamma in T helper type-1 (Th-1)
cells, it is suggested that IL-12 and IFN-gamma
increases may indicate antigenic stimulation of
Th-1 cells pathogenetically linked to
autoimmunity in autism.
Title: DR-positive T cells in autism:
association with decreased plasma levels of the
complement C4B protein.
Author: Warren RP; Yonk J; Burger RW; Odell D;
Warren WL
Address: Center for Persons with Disabilities,
Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA.
Source: Neuropsychobiology, 1995, 31:2, 53-7
Abstract: Autism is a developmental disorder
characterized by severe communication, social
and behavioral abnormalities.
Over the past
several years a fair amount of evidence has
accumulated suggesting that some cases of autism
may be associated with immune abnormalities and
with products of the HLA complex including the
C4B gene located in the class III region of HLA.
This study sought additional evidence for an
association of autoimmune processes with autism
by investigating the presence of activated T
cells in 26 autistic subjects. Fourteen of the
autistic subjects had DR+ T cells, an indicator
of activated T cells, but none of the autistic
subjects had T cells expressing the
interleukin-2 receptor, another indicator of T
cell activation.
Similar findings of incomplete
or partial T cell activation have been reported
in autoimmune disorders and in a recent study of
autism. In the current investigation, the DR+ T
cells were not found to be associated with age
of the autistic patients but were inversely
correlated with a decreased plasma level of the
C4B protein. In conclusion, this study provides
additional evidence for the involvement of an
autoimmune mechanism in autism.
Title: Evaluating the empirical support for the
Geschwind - Behan – Galaburda model of cerebral
lateralization [see comments]
Author: Bryden MP; McManus IC; Bulman Fleming MB
Address: Department of Psychology, University of
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Source: Brain Cogn, 1994 Nov, 26:2, 103-67
Abstract: The Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda (GBG)
model of cerebral lateralization provides a
complex but testable theory of the origins and
associates of cerebral lateralization. An
overall evaluation of the model suggest that it
is not well supported by empirical evidence and
that in the case of several key theoretical
areas, the evidence that does exist is
inconsistent with the
theory. In particular: the concept of "anomalous
dominance" is shown to be theoretically and
methodologically flawed; a meta-analysis of the
relationship between handedness and immune
disorders finds a marginal overall association,
and while three conditions (allergies, asthma,
and ulcerative colitis) do show significant
associations with left-handedness, two other
conditions
(myasthenia gravis and arthritis) show
significant negative associations with
left-handedness. Finally, a review of the
origins of the neural crest, and its
associations, suggests there is almost no
empirical support for the GBG theoretical model
in this area.
Title: Deficiency of suppressor-inducer
(CD4+CD45RA+) T cells in autism.
Author: Warren RP; Yonk LJ; Burger RA; Cole P;
Odell JD; Warren WL; White E; Singh VK
Address: Developmental Center for Handicapped
Persons, Utah State
University, Logan 84322.
Source: Immunol Invest, 1990 Jun, 19:3, 245-51
Abstract: CD4+ cells are a heterogenous
population of lymphocytes including at least two
distinct subpopulations: CD45RA+ cells, inducers
of suppressor T cells and CDw29+ cells, inducers
of helper function for antibody production. To
investigate the possibility that immune
abnormalities in autism may involve abnormal
distribution of these helper subpopulations,
monoclonal
antibodies were used in flow cytometric analysis
to characterize peripheral blood lymphocytes of
36 subjects with autism.
The autistic subjects
as compared to a group of 35 healthy age-matched
subjects had a significantly reduced number of
lymphocytes, a decreased number of CD2+ T cells
and reduced numbers of CD4+ and CD4+CD45RA+
lymphocytes.
The numbers of B (CD20+) cells,
suppressor T (CD8+) cells, inducers of helper
function (CD4+CDw29+) and natural killer
(CD56+) cells were not altered in the autistic
subjects. Our results suggest
that an alteration in the suppressor-inducer
T-cell subset is associated with autism.
Title: Increased frequency of the extended or
ancestral haplotype B44-SC30-DR4 in autism.
Author: Daniels WW; Warren RP; Odell JD;
Maciulis A; Burger RA; Warren WL; Torres AR
Address: Center for Persons with Disabilities,
Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA.
Source: Neuropsychobiology, 1995, 32:3, 120-3
Abstract: Autism likely results from several
different etiologies or a combination of
pathological mechanisms. Recent studies suggest
that this disorder may be associated with immune
abnormalities, pathogen-autoimmune processes and
perhaps the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
In a preliminary study we found that 22 autistic
subjects had an increased frequency of the
extended or ancestral MHC haplotype
B44-SC30-DR4. The current study attempted to
confirm this observation by studying 23
additional randomly chosen autistic subjects,
most of their parents and 64 unrelated normal
subjects. In agreement with earlier findings
B44-SC30-DR4 was associated with autism.
In combining the data from the original and
current studies, B44-SC30-DR4 or a substantial
fragment of this extended haplotype was
represented in 40% of the autistic subjects
and/or their mothers as compared to about 2% of
the unrelated subjects. It is concluded that one
or more genes of the MHC is (are) involved in
the development of some cases of autism.
Title: CD4+ helper T cell depression in autism.
Author: Yonk LJ; Warren RP; Burger RA; Cole P;
Odell JD; Warren WL; White E; Singh VK
Address: Developmental Center for Handicapped
Persons, Utah State
University, Logan 84322-6800.
Source: Immunol Lett, 1990 Sep, 25:4, 341-5
Abstract: CD4+ (helper) T cells are a
heterogenous population of lymphocytes including
at least two distinct subpopulations. To
investigate the possibility that immune
abnormalities in some subjects with autism may
involve abnormal distributions of CD4+ and/or
CD8+ cells, (suppressor) T cells, peripheral
blood lymphocytes of 25 autistic subjects were
characterized with monoclonal
antibodies and flow cytometry. The autistic
subjects had a significantly lower
percentage and number of CD4+ cells, a lower
number of T cells (CD2+ cells) and
B cells (CD20+ cells), and a lower percentage
and number of total lymphocytes than siblings
and normal subjects. The level of blood values
for female subjects appeared lower than those
for males as compared to normal subjects of the
same sex. These results suggest that a decrease
in CD4+ cells is associated with autism.
Title: Depressed lymphocyte responsiveness in
autistic children.
Author: Stubbs EG; Crawford ML
Source: J Autism Child Schizophr, 1977 Mar, 7:1,
49-55
Abstract: Although there are associations
linking autism with prenatal rubella,
cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and varicella, the
etiology of the autistic state remains obscure.
Host defense against the etiologic agents
postulated to be responsible for the
autism-associated syndromes is believed to be
primarily of the cell-mediated type. In this
preliminary study, cellular immune function was
assessed in vitro by phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
stimulation of lymphocyte cultures. Twelve
autistic children and 13 control subjects were
compared. The autistic group exhibited a
depressed lymphocyte transformation response to
PHA when compared to the control subjects (p
less than .01).
Title: Autistic children exhibit undetectable
hemagglutination – inhibition antibody titers
despite previous rubella vaccination.
Author: Stubbs EG
Source: J Autism Child Schizophr, 1976 Sep, 6:3,
269-74
Abstract: The etiology of autism is unknown, but
autism has been associated with a number of
diseases, including prenatal rubella. Rubella
vaccine challenge was used in an attempt to
retrospectively diagnose prenatal rubella in
autistic children.
This test was selected
because unresponsiveness of antibody titer has
been reported as helpful in retrospective
diagnosing
of prenatal rubella. Fifteen autistic children
and 8 controls matched for age were challenged
with rubella vaccine.
Rubella vaccine challenge
did not differentiate autistic children from the
control subjects. However, 5 of 13 autistic
children had undetectable titers despite
previous vaccine; all
control subjects had detectable titers.
This
finding of undetectable titers in autistic
children suggests these children may have an
altered immune response.
Title: Abnormal immune response to brain tissue
antigen in the syndrome of autism.
Author: Weizman A; Weizman R; Szekely GA;
Wijsenbeek H; Livni E
Source: Am J Psychiatry, 1982 Nov, 139:11,
1462-5
Abstract: Cell-mediated immune response to human
myelin basic protein was studied by the
macrophage migration inhibition factor test in
17 autistic patients and a control group of 11
patients suffering from other mental diseases
included in the differential diagnosis of the
syndrome of autism. Of the 17 autistic patients,
13 demonstrated inhibition of macrophage
migration, whereas none of the nonautistic
patients showed such a response. The results
indicate the existence of a cell-mediated immune
response to brain tissue in the syndrome of
autism.
Title: [Immune status in infantile autism.
Correlation between the immune status, autistic
symptoms and levels of serotonin]
Author: Ferrari P; Marescot MR; Moulias R;
Bursztejn C; Deville Chabrolle A; Thiollet M;
Lesourd B; Braconnier A; Dreux C; Zarifian; E;
et al
Address: Service de Psychothterapie, de l'Enfant
et de l'Adolescent, Hospital Robert Debra,
Reims.
Source: Encephale, 1988 Sep-Oct, 14:5, 339-44
Abstract: In sixteen autistic children high
values of IgG and a high level of lymphocyte
stimulation with PHA were observed. Principal
component analysis showed: 1) a significant
correlation between basic lymphocyte mitogenic
activity and the clinical symptoms opposition
and hyperactivity, 2) a significant correlation
between high Ig levels, high PHA stimulation
responses
and the main autistic symptoms (withdrawal,
inaffectivity, hypoactivity, mannerism,
stereotypy and negatively echolalia), 3) a
significant correlation with serotonin uptake by
platelets and high immunological responses. Such
correlations are strongly in favor of an
immunologic component in autistic disease.
[Language of Publication: French]
Title: Pervasive developmental disorders and
immunological tolerance.
Author: Todd RD
Source: Psychiatr Dev, 1986 Summer, 4:2, 147-65
Abstract: A wide range of studies in man and
other species suggest that early compromise of
immunological tolerance (both maternal-fetal and
self) may lead to severe and varied cognitive
deficits. This article briefly reviews what is
known of the genesis and maintenance of normal
tolerance and current ideas on pathological
deviances in tolerance.
These ideas are
discussed in
relation to risk factor, family, twin,
biochemical, anatomical, and immunological
studies of pervasive developmental disorders
(particularly infantile autism). A range of
immunological injury hypotheses for the genesis
of the pervasive developmental disorders are
considered and technical problems in deciding
among them are presented.
Title: Reduced natural killer cell activity in
autism.
Author: Warren RP; Foster A; Margaretten NC
Source: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1987
May, 26:3, 333-5
Abstract: Abstract unavailable online.
Title: [Psychoneuroimmunology (editorial)]
Author: Remschmidt H
Source: Z Kinder Jugenpsychiatr, 1993 Jun, 21:2,
71-2
Abstract: Abstract unavailable online. [Language
of Publication: German]
Title: Autism and the immune system.
Author: van Gent T; Heijnen CJ; Treffers PD
Address: University of Leijden, The Netherlands.
Source: J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 1997 Mar,
38:3, 337-49
Abstract: As our knowledge of the interactions
of the immune, nervous and endocrine systems
progresses, complex links with the origin and
course of psychopathology in childhood are
revealed. In this article the neuroimmunological
literature on autism is reviewed. Relevant
aspects of immune functioning and the
neuroendocrine-immune network are described. We
present the immunological findings in autistic
patients within two related conceptual
frameworks: a viral and an autoimmune
hypothesis. Interpretation of data is hampered
by conceptual and methodological differences
between studies. Both the clinical significance
of the immune changes and the causal connection
between immune changes and psychopathological
phenomena in autism remain to be elucidated.
Recommendations for further research are given.
Title: Opioid-immune interactions in autism:
behavioural and immunological assessment during
a double-blind treatment with naltrexone.
Author: Scifo R; Cioni M;
Nicolosi A; Batticane N; Tirolo C; Testa N;
Quattropani MC; Morale MC; Gallo F; Marchetti B
Address: Servizio di Psichiatria, Istituto OASI
per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
l'Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina (Enna), Italy.
Source: Ann Ist Super Sanita,
1996, 32:3, 351-9
Abstract: The emerging concept of opioid
peptides as a new class of chemical messengers
of the neuroimmune axis and the presence of a
number of immunological abnormalities in
infantile autism prompted us to correlate
biological (hormonal and immunological)
determinations and behavioural performances
during treatment with the potent opiate
antagonist, naltrexone (NAL). Twelve autistic
patients ranging from 7 to 15 years, diagnosed
according to DSM-III-R, entered a double-blind
crossover study with NAL at the doses of 0.5,
1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg every 48 hours. The
behavioural evaluation was conducted using the
specific BSE and CARS rating scales NAL
treatment produced a significant reduction of
the autistic symptomatology in seven
("responders") out of 12 children. The
behavioural improvement was accompanied by
alterations in the distribution of the major
lymphocyte subsets, with a significant increase
of the T-helper-inducers (CD4+CD8-) and a
significant reduction of the T-cytotoxic-suppressor
(CD4-CD8+) resulting in a normalization of the
CD4/CD8 ratio. Changes in natural killer cells
and activity were inversely related to plasma
beta-endorphin levels. It is suggested that the
mechanisms underlying opioid-immune interactions
are altered in this population of autistic
children and that an immunological screening may
have prognostic value for the pharmacological
therapy with opiate antagonists.
Title: Plasma increase of interleukin-12 and
interferon-gamma. Pathological significance in
autism.
Author: Singh VK
Address: Department of Psychiatry, University of
Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor
48109-0656, USA.
Source: J Neuroimmunol, 1996 May, 66:1-2, 143-5
Abstract: Immune factors such as autoimmunity
have been implicated in the genesis of autism, a
neurodevelopmental disorder. Since autoimmune
response involves immune activation, the plasma
levels of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha),
interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-12
(IL-12), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis
factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and soluble
intercellular adhesion
molecule-1 (sICAM-1) were measured in autistic
patients and age-matched normal controls. The
levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma were significantly
(P < or = 0.05) higher in patients as compared
to controls. However, IFN-alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha,
and sICAM-1 levels did not significantly differ
between the two groups. Because
macrophage-derived IL-12 is known to selectively
induce IFN-gamma in T helper type-1 (Th-1)
cells, it is suggested that IL-12 and IFN-gamma
increases may indicate antigenic stimulation of
Th-1 cells pathogenetically linked to
autoimmunity in autism.
Title: Elevated serotonin levels in autism:
association with the major histocompatibility
complex.
Author: Warren RP; Singh VK
Address: Center for Persons with Disabilities,
Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA.
Source: Neuropsychobiology, 1996, 34:2, 72-5
Abstract: Two of the most consistently observed
biological findings in autism are increased
serotonin levels in the blood and immunological
abnormalities (including autoreactivity with
tissues of the central nervous system).
The purpose of this investigation was to
determine if any relationship exists between
these two sets of observations. Our laboratory
has found and confirmed associations of the
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with
autism.
Since the MHC is known to regulate the immune
system and is also associated with autoimmune
disorders, we studied serum serotonin levels in
20 autistic subjects with or without MHC types
previously found to be associated with autism.
A positive relationship was observed between
elevated serotonin levels and the MHC types
previously associated with autism.
Title: Immunogenetic studies in autism and
related disorders.
Author: Warren RP; Singh VK; Averett RE; Odell
JD; Maciulis A; Burger RA; Daniels WW; Warren WL
Address: Utah State University, Logan 84322,
USA.
Source: Mol Chem Neuropathol, 1996 May, 28:1-3,
77-81
Abstract: The major histocompatibility complex
comprises a number of genes that
control the function and regulation of the
immune system. One of these genes, the C4B
gene, encodes a product that is involved in
eliminating pathogens such as
viruses and bacteria from the body. We
previously reported that a deficient form of the
C4B gene, termed the C4B null allele (no C4B
protein produced) had an increased frequently in
autism. In this study we attempted to confirm
the increased incidence of the C4B null allele
in autism and investigated the presence of a C4B
null allele in two other childhood disorders,
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and
dyslexia (reading disability). In addition, we
explored the relationship of autism to the DR
beta 1 gene, a gene located close to the C4B in
autism. We confirmed the finding of an increased
frequency of the C4B null allele in autism and
found that the related
disorders also had an increased frequency of
this null allele. In addition, two alleles of
the DR beta 1 gene also had significantly
increased representation in the autistic
subjects.
Title: Urinary levels of neopterin and biopterin
in autism.
Author: Messahel S; Pheasant AE; Pall H; Ahmed
Choudhury J; Sungum Paliwal RS; Vostanis P
Address: School of Biochemistry, University of
Birmingham, UK.
Source :Neurosci Lett, 1998 Jan, 241:1, 17-20
Abstract: The pterins, neopterin and biopterin,
occur naturally in body fluids including urine.
It is well established that increased neopterin
levels are associated with activation of the
cellular immune system and that reduced
biopterins are essential for neurotransmitter
synthesis. It has been suggested that some
autistic children may be suffering from an
autoimmune disorder. To investigate this further
we performed high performance liquid
chromatography
analyses of urinary pterins in a group of
pre-school autistic children, their siblings and
age-matched control children. Both urinary
neopterin and biopterin were raised in the
autistic children compared to controls and the
siblings showed intermediate values. This
supports the possible involvement of
cell-mediated immunity in the aetiology of
autism.
Title : Neurobehavioral alterations in
autoimmune mice.
Author: Sakic B; Szechtman H; Denburg JA
Address: Department of Biomedical Sciences,
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Source: Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 1997 May, 21:3,
327-40
Abstract
Inbred MRL, NZB and BXSB strains of mice
spontaneously develop a systemic, lupus-like
autoimmune disease. The progress of autoimmunity
is accompanied with a cascade of behavioral
changes, most consistently observed in tasks
reflective of emotional reactivity and the
two-way avoidance learning task. Given the
possibility that behavioral alterations may
reflect a detrimental consequence of
autoimmune-inflammatory processes and/or an
adaptive response to chronic malaise, they are
tentatively labeled as autoimmunity-associated
behavioural syndrome (AABS). It is hypothesized
that neuroactive immune factors
(pro-inflammatory cytokines, brain-reactive
antibodies) together with endocrine mediators (corticotropin-releasing
factor, glucocorticoids) participate in the
etiology of AABS. Since AABS develops natively,
and has a considerable face and predictive
validity, and since the principal pathway to
autoimmunity is known, AABS may be a useful
model for the study of CNS involvement in human
autoimmune diseases and by extension, for
testing autoimmune hypotheses of several mental
disorders (major depression, schizophrenia,
Alzheimer's disease, autism and AIDS-related
dementia).
Internet Resources:
Limited Infinity Research Center
Dr. Ronald L. Hoffman's interesting article on
autism and the immune system.
Immune Response to Brain Myelin in Autistic
Children
Dr. Singh's (et. al.) article on the immune
system and autism.
Dr. Michael J. Goldberg's Web Site
Many articles on "Autism Syndrome", ADHD, CFIDS
and the Immune System.
In particular read: "Autism and The Immune
Connection".
Medicine for Autism Today
Great information on new research to study
autism and immune system problems and good
information on diet in autism, supplements, and
medications recommended by Dr. Michael J.
Goldberg.
Autism: An Environmental Maladaptation
Dr. Stephen B. Edelson's Evironmental and
Preventive Health Center of Atlanta Web Site.
Mt. Sinai Department of Psychiatry
The Seaver Center for Autism Research and
Treatment - Information on autism and a specific
immune system antibody.
Tratto da:
genitoriinsiemecontroautismo.org
