E SE il CANCRO FOSSE cogenerato da un FUNGO ? - 8
vedi: Terapia G. Puccio, dimostrazioni effetti del Bicarbonato di Sodio
 

Candida Albicans as a promoter of oral mucosal neoplasia:

JF O'Grady and PC Reade - Section of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
A model of oral mucosal carcinogenesis using the water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) was combined with a model of oral mucosal candidosis to examine the ability of Candida albicans to promote the development of neoplasia in suitably initiated epithelium.
Sprague-Dawley rats were initiated by the application of 4NQO to their palatal and tongue mucosa 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. The animals then received either application of a phorbol ester to act as a promoter, induction of experimental oral mucosal infection with C. albicans, or no further procedures.
Animals were killed at 34 or 52 weeks and the tongues and palates sectioned for light-microscopic examination.
Control groups with no treatment, mucosal infection only, phorbol ester application only, 4NQO with the tetracycline or vehicle application only were also used.
The development of carcinoma in the experimental groups was similar to that in the positive control groups, indicating that the particular strain of Candida used had a similar ability to promote neoplastic changes as the known promoter phorbol-12,13- didecanoate and caused neoplastic changes to occur by week 34 with no additional lesions occurring by week 52.
This indicated that the speculation that strains of C. albicans may participate in causing neoplastic transformation in humans was well founded.

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Oral Premalignancies

Oral cancer is associated with significant morbidity, pain and death. Thus, prevention and early diagnosis is imperative. Recognition and control of pre-malignant oral lesions is an effective way to reduce the occurrence and thus, the morbidity and mortality of oral cancer. Oral pre-maglinancies are lesions with risk of uncontrolled cellular growth and transformation into cancer. Such lesions can occur in entire oral cavity and oropharynx. In the mouth, there are two main pre-cancerous lesions: leukoplakia and erythroplakia.

Leukoplakia is a white plaque that cannot be scraped off the mucosa. Those that are white, smooth and lack irregularities are homogeneous leukoplakias. Others show a rough corrugated surface and are referred to as verrucous leukoplakia. When these verrucous white lesions are diffuse or multifocal, they are termed proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. This form of leukoplakia is commonly found in elderly females, smoking habits are often absent, and they exhibit a high risk for malignant change.

Leukoplakia of the lips are associated with exposure to ultra-violet radiations. These white lesions are usually smooth, covering all or part of the vermilion lip border. Occasionally, they are crusted or thickened. When ulceration or induration is present, suspicion of dysplasia and early malignant change should be high.

Leukoplakia of the floor of mouth and ventral surface of the tongue (also known as sublingual keratosis) exhibit a high incidence of malignant transformation. Kramer et al reported up to 25% of malignant transformation in these lesions.

Another high-risk lesion is the red-appearing patch (Erythroplakia). Erythroplakia typically presents as a homogeneous velvety red diffuse macule and may also be associated with white lesions. Erythroplakia with multiple small white spots are referred to as speckled leukoplakia. These lesions are more likely to progress to carcinoma compared to the homogeneous leukoplakia.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may arise in the site of pre-existing leukoplakia and erythroplakia or may arise de novo. Clinically, early carcinoma have the appearance of the aforementioned pre-cancerous lesions. Once there is substantial invasion of the submucosa by carcinoma cells, OSCC appear as indurated swellings or non-healing ulcers with raised borders.

The diagnosis of pre-malignant lesions depends upon clinical suspicion and biopsy followed by histological diagnosis. Visual inspection is largely inaccurate. Cellular markers and imaging modalities are being developed and tested to improve the accuracy of identifying malignant transformation in these lesions.

Risks factors for oral cancer and pre-malignancy are similarly. These include smoking, alcohol consumption, betel-nut chewing, etc. Smoking has been associated with hyperkeratosis and leukoplakia.
The long-term usage of smokeless tobacco is associated with an increased risk for development of carcinoma. Alcohol consumption alone or in conjunction with tobacco usage increases the risk for carcinogenesis. Candida species is also associated with leukoplakia, since candidal hyphae are often seen in microscopic sections from oral leukoplakia. Candida is capable of producing carcinogenic nitrosamines through biochemical tissue reaction. Although the association with carcinogenesis is not clear, the presence of Candida must be considered to be a potential risk factor.

Frequently, biopsy is delayed because of patient of clinician’s decision to institute other treatment to rule out infection or local irritation. However, a definitive histological diagnosis should not be delayed until novel molecular markers or imaging modalities emerge. Pre-malignant lesions could be excised or treated with laser therapy.

Tratto da http://www.nccs.com.sg/epub/CU/vol3_04/p5.htm

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Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by metastatic and non metastatic human breast cancer cell lines in vitro

Mamdooh Ghoneum, PhD^a, Sastry Gollapudi, PhD^b

KEY WORDS: Phagocytosis, Candida, Tumor cell line.

Experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetic characteristics of phagocytosis of candida by metastatic (MCF-7 and ZR-75-1) and nonmetastatic (HCC70) breast cancer cell (BCC) lines. Cancer cells were mixed with candida at a ratio of 1:10 and attachment/phagocytosis were examined using cytospin preparations stained with either Giemsa or tannic acid and May-Grünwald Geimsa and by using flow cytometry. A high attachment of candida to cancer cells (29­39%) was detected as early as 10 min. Following attachment, cancer cells phagocytized yeast. The phagocytic activity of MCF-7 and ZR-75 cells was significantly higher (58­61%) than that of HCC70 cells (26%). A similar trend was observed with respect to the phagocytic index. Phagocytosis of candida by tumor cells was inhibited significantly by both cytochalasin B (50%) and by lowering temperature to 4 C (66%). Phagocytosis was not associated with oxidative burst in any cell lines used. In conclusion, metastatic breast cancer cells possess phagocytic activity which may explain their invasive property.

Tratto da:  http://www.cancerprev.org/Journal/Issues/28/1/4855

pag.1     pag.2      pag.3       pag.4      pag.5       pag.6     pag.7   
 

L'Acqua BASICA svolge una DUPLICE funzione:

1- Quella di riordinare il pH di cellule, tessuti, organi, corpo.
2- Quella di eliminare i funghi (Candida e sua varianti) ed eventuali batteri (es.: Sarcina ventriculis) sempre presenti in un canceroso, nella zona del tumore.

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